PAK STUDENTS FORUM

Basic Concepts of Sociology
1. Who is known as the father of sociology?
a) Karl Marx
b) Auguste Comte
c) Max Weber
d) Emile Durkheim
Answer: b) Auguste Comte
2. The term "sociology" was coined in:
a) 1838
b) 1800
c) 1850
d) 1895
Answer: a) 1838
3. Which of the following is a primary group?
a) Political party
b) Family
c) Trade union
d) Corporation
Answer: b) Family
4. Culture is:
a) Biological
b) Inherited
c) Learned
d) Genetic
Answer: c) Learned
5. Socialization is the process of:
a) Isolation
b) Social interaction
c) Learning norms and values
d) Political education
Answer: c) Learning norms and values

Sociological Thinkers and Theories
6. Karl Marx is associated with:
a) Functionalism
b) Conflict Theory
c) Symbolic Interactionism
d) Structuralism
Answer: b) Conflict Theory
7. The book "The Division of Labour in Society" was written by:
a) Emile Durkheim
b) Max Weber
c) Herbert Spencer
d) Karl Marx
Answer: a) Emile Durkheim
8. Max Weber used the term "Verstehen" to mean:
a) Control
b) Observation
c) Understanding
d) Experiment
Answer: c) Understanding
9. Who gave the concept of "mechanical and organic solidarity"?
a) Karl Marx
b) Emile Durkheim
c) Max Weber
d) Talcott Parsons
Answer: b) Emile Durkheim
10. Functionalism views society as:
a) A battlefield
b) A group of individuals
c) A system of interrelated parts
d) A network of meanings
Answer: c) A system of interrelated parts

Social Institutions
11. Which institution is responsible for enforcing laws?
a) Education
b) Religion
c) Government
d) Family
Answer: c) Government
12. Marriage within one's own group is called:
a) Exogamy
b) Endogamy
c) Polygamy
d) Monogamy
Answer: b) Endogamy
13. Monogamy means:
a) Many husbands
b) Many wives
c) One spouse at a time
d) No marriage
Answer: c) One spouse at a time
14. Religion serves which function in society?
a) Economic
b) Political
c) Social integration
d) Military
Answer: c) Social integration
15. The basic unit of society is:
a) Community
b) Group
c) Family
d) Organization
Answer: c) Family

Social Stratification & Mobility
16. Social mobility refers to:
a) Moving from place to place
b) Changing political party
c) Movement within a social hierarchy
d) Educational progress
Answer: c) Movement within a social hierarchy
17. Caste system is an example of:
a) Open stratification
b) Achieved status
c) Closed stratification
d) Social mobility
Answer: c) Closed stratification
18. The ability to move up or down in society is called:
a) Social movement
b) Social control
c) Social stratification
d) Social mobility
Answer: d) Social mobility
19. Status gained by birth is:
a) Achieved status
b) Master status
c) Ascribed status
d) Marginal status
Answer: c) Ascribed status
20. Merit-based stratification system is:
a) Caste
b) Feudal
c) Class
d) Kinship
Answer: c) Class

Social Change & Problems
21. Social change refers to:
a) Political transformation only
b) Sudden revolution
c) Gradual transformation in society
d) Natural disasters
Answer: c) Gradual transformation in society
22. Urbanization is:
a) Migration to rural areas
b) Industrialization
c) Migration to cities
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Migration to cities
23. Juvenile delinquency refers to:
a) Child marriage
b) Crime by minors
c) Child labor
d) Domestic violence
Answer: b) Crime by minors
24. Dowry system is a:
a) Social custom
b) Legal requirement
c) Religious obligation
d) Economic policy
Answer: a) Social custom
25. Drug addiction is a:
a) Legal issue
b) Political issue
c) Social problem
d) Financial strategy
Answer: c) Social problem

Research Methods in Sociology
26. The scientific study of society is called:
a) Psychology
b) Sociology
c) Anthropology
d) Political Science
Answer: b) Sociology
27. Qualitative research focuses on:
a) Numbers
b) Statistics
c) Meanings and experiences
d) Experiments
Answer: c) Meanings and experiences
28. A questionnaire is a tool for:
a) Statistical analysis
b) Data collection
c) Social mobility
d) Conflict resolution
Answer: b) Data collection
29. Case study is a:
a) Quantitative method
b) Historical method
c) Qualitative method
d) Experimental method
Answer: c) Qualitative method
30. Sampling is used in research to:
a) Avoid results
b) Study entire population
c) Study representative group
d) Increase expenses
Answer: c) Study representative group



Rural & Urban Sociology
31. The study of village life is called:
a) Urban sociology
b) Political sociology
c) Rural sociology
d) Industrial sociology
Answer: c) Rural sociology
32. The main occupation in rural societies is:
a) Business
b) Industry
c) Agriculture
d) Teaching
Answer: c) Agriculture
33. Urban communities are characterized by:
a) Face-to-face relationships
b) Formal relationships
c) Joint families
d) Illiteracy
Answer: b) Formal relationships
34. In urban areas, people usually live in:
a) Joint families
b) Extended families
c) Nuclear families
d) Clans
Answer: c) Nuclear families
35. Which is a major problem of urbanization?
a) Overpopulation
b) Literacy
c) Religious harmony
d) Agricultural development
Answer: a) Overpopulation

Gender & Society
36. Gender refers to:
a) Biological differences
b) Cultural and social roles
c) Economic status
d) Physical appearance
Answer: b) Cultural and social roles
37. Feminism focuses on:
a) Patriarchy
b) Male domination
c) Gender equality
d) Only female issues
Answer: c) Gender equality
38. Honor killing is an example of:
a) Legal punishment
b) Cultural practice
c) Social evil
d) Religious duty
Answer: c) Social evil
39. Domestic violence mostly affects:
a) Men
b) Children
c) Women
d) Government officials
Answer: c) Women
40. Women's empowerment includes:
a) Voting only
b) Employment only
c) Equal rights and opportunities
d) Only education
Answer: c) Equal rights and opportunities

Globalization & Modern Society
41. Globalization leads to:
a) Isolation
b) Local traditions only
c) Cultural exchange
d) Decline of internet
Answer: c) Cultural exchange
42. Which of the following is a result of globalization?
a) Poverty reduction only
b) Technological backwardness
c) Increased global connectivity
d) Decrease in education
Answer: c) Increased global connectivity
43. Mass media plays a major role in:
a) Industrialization
b) Political campaigns only
c) Socialization
d) Urban migration
Answer: c) Socialization
44. Modern societies are more dependent on:
a) Agriculture
b) Industrial production
c) Information and technology
d) Religion
Answer: c) Information and technology
45. Internet is a tool of:
a) Isolation
b) Global communication
c) Dehumanization
d) Local culture
Answer: b) Global communication

Sociology in Pakistan
46. The founder of sociology in Pakistan is:
a) Dr. Aliya H. Khan
b) Dr. Hamza Alavi
c) Dr. Abdus Salam
d) Dr. Adeeb Rizvi
Answer: b) Dr. Hamza Alavi
47. Major issue of Pakistani society is:
a) Urbanization
b) Class conflict
c) Illiteracy
d) Industrialization
Answer: c) Illiteracy
48. Joint family system is common in:
a) Western societies
b) Pakistan
c) Urban USA
d) Europe
Answer: b) Pakistan
49. Which institution promotes cultural values?
a) Army
b) Hospital
c) Education
d) Police
Answer: c) Education
50. Which is a major agent of social change in Pakistan?
a) Army
b) Media
c) NGOs
d) Judiciary
Answer: b

1. Basic Sociology & Definitions
1. Sociology is the study of:
a) Past societies
b) Political systems
c) Human society and social behavior
d) Economic trends
Answer: c
2. The term “culture” includes:
a) Art and music only
b) Language, beliefs, values, norms
c) Legal documents
d) Only religious practices
Answer: b
3. Norms are:
a) Biological traits
b) Economic policies
c) Rules for behavior
d) Fashion trends
Answer: c
4. Folkways are:
a) Laws
b) Strict norms
c) Customs and traditions
d) Religious rituals
Answer: c
5. Mores are:
a) Less serious norms
b) Norms with moral significance
c) Traffic rules
d) Dress codes
Answer: b

2. Social Groups & Organization
6. A group with face-to-face interaction is:
a) Secondary group
b) Primary group
c) Formal group
d) Reference group
Answer: b
7. Bureaucracy is a concept given by:
a) Marx
b) Comte
c) Weber
d) Durkheim
Answer: c
8. Social structure refers to:
a) Buildings
b) Institutional framework
c) Social change
d) Population
Answer: b
9. Peer group is an example of:
a) Secondary group
b) Tertiary group
c) Formal group
d) Informal group
Answer: d
10. Social status that a person earns is:
a) Ascribed status
b) Achieved status
c) Marginal status
d) Master status
Answer: b

3. Socialization & Culture
11. The most important agent of early socialization:
a) School
b) Family
c) Media
d) Peers
Answer: b
12. Language is a part of:
a) Material culture
b) Symbolic culture
c) Secondary culture
d) Physical traits
Answer: b
13. Ethnocentrism means:
a) Accepting all cultures
b) Judging another culture by one’s own standards
c) Cultural exchange
d) Globalization
Answer: b
14. Cultural relativism promotes:
a) Cultural conflict
b) Judging cultures harshly
c) Understanding cultures on their own terms
d) Cultural domination
Answer: c
15. Subculture refers to:
a) High culture
b) Elite culture
c) Culture of a smaller group within the main culture
d) Foreign culture
Answer: c

4. Social Stratification & Inequality
16. Social inequality means:
a) Equal distribution of wealth
b) Unequal access to resources
c) Legal equality
d) Equal opportunity for all
Answer: b
17. Feudal system is based on:
a) Class
b) Merit
c) Kinship
d) Land ownership
Answer: d
18. Class system allows:
a) No mobility
b) Limited education
c) Social mobility
d) Fixed roles
Answer: c
19. Gender inequality is a form of:
a) Class conflict
b) Social conflict
c) Social inequality
d) Political difference
Answer: c
20. Discrimination based on race is called:
a) Caste system
b) Gender bias
c) Racism
d) Prejudice
Answer: c

5. Crime, Deviance & Social Problems
21. Crime is a violation of:
a) Social norms
b) Laws
c) Mores
d) Customs
Answer: b
22. An act of breaking a social norm is:
a) Deviance
b) Crime only
c) Achievement
d) Inequality
Answer: a
23. White-collar crimes are committed by:
a) Poor
b) Elite and educated people
c) Police
d) Terrorists
Answer: b
24. A major social problem in Pakistan is:
a) Illiteracy
b) Industrialization
c) Tourism
d) Technology
Answer: a
25. Poverty is mostly caused by:
a) Overpopulation
b) Climate
c) Unemployment and inequality
d) Religion
Answer: c

6. Population & Society
26. Demography is the study of:
a) Religion
b) Language
c) Population
d) Culture
Answer: c
27. Pakistan's population is approximately:
a) 100 million
b) 240 million
c) 180 million
d) 300 million
Answer: b
28. Population explosion leads to:
a) Better services
b) Less unemployment
c) Resource scarcity
d) More export
Answer: c
29. Birth rate refers to:
a) Number of children per woman
b) Number of births per 1000 people
c) Number of deaths
d) Population density
Answer: b
30. Migration is movement from:
a) One culture to another
b) Rural to urban or country to country
c) Religion to religion
d) One job to another
Answer: b

7. Sociology of Education & Religion
31. Education is a form of:
a) Economic function
b) Socialization
c) Entertainment
d) Leisure
Answer: b
32. Religious institutions promote:
a) Capitalism
b) Morality and values
c) Industrial growth
d) Bureaucracy
Answer: b
33. Literacy rate of Pakistan is around:
a) 30%
b) 55%
c) 60%
d) 80%
Answer: c
34. Hidden curriculum refers to:
a) Textbooks
b) Unofficial learning like discipline, respect
c) Private tuition
d) Secret syllabus
Answer: b
35. Education acts as a means of:
a) Social control
b) Crime
c) Poverty
d) Stratification only
Answer: a

8. Social Change, Technology & Media
36. Social movement aims to bring:
a) War
b) Social disruption
c) Social change
d) Entertainment
Answer: c
37. Invention leads to:
a) Population growth
b) Crime
c) Social change
d) Social disorder
Answer: c
38. The digital divide refers to:
a) Internet addiction
b) Gap between those with and without access to technology
c) Cybercrime
d) Online business
Answer: b
39. Print media includes:
a) TV
b) Radio
c) Newspaper
d) Internet
Answer: c
40. Mass media is a tool of:
a) Isolation
b) Political control
c) Socialization and awareness
d) Crime
Answer: c

9. Miscellaneous & Pakistan-Specific
41. Pakistan’s largest ethnic group is:
a) Baloch
b) Pashtun
c) Punjabi
d) Sindhi
Answer: c
42. The Constitution of Pakistan guarantees equality in:
a) Article 1
b) Article 8-28
c) Article 33
d) Article 50
Answer: b
43. NGO stands for:
a) Non-government operation
b) National goods organization
c) Non-governmental organization
d) New government order
Answer: c
44. Community development focuses on:
a) Infrastructure only
b) Economic policy
c) Improving life in communities
d) Business
Answer: c
45. Census in Pakistan is conducted every:
a) 5 years
b) 10 years
c) 7 years
d) 15 years
Answer: b

10. Sociology & Research
46. Scientific method includes:
a) Guesswork
b) Observations, hypothesis, testing
c) Voting
d) Trial and error
Answer: b
47. Population in research refers to:
a) Total number of people in a country
b) Group being studied
c) Urban population only
d) Rural dwellers
Answer: b
48. Hypothesis is a:
a) Law
b) Theory
c) Tentative statement
d) Observation
Answer: c
49. Quantitative data is in the form of:
a) Ideas
b) Emotions
c) Numbers
d) Culture
Answer: c
50. Reliability in research means:
a) Accuracy
b) Consistency
c) Opinion
d) Prediction
Answer: b